This study aims to evaluate whether patients with late complications of pacemakers or implantable cardioverter-defibrillators have hypersensitivity reactions to some of the materials used in generators or in electrodes, or to environmental metal burden. They conclude that their patients with late complications of CIED implantations underwent a higher number of implantations (including re-implantations) than the control group, and also had more frequent hypersensitivity reactions to mercury and to tin. As much as 87.5% of these patients had hypersensitivity reactions to at least one tested metal.
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